In the middle of the central mountainous region of Papua province in Indonesia, d / h Nieuw-Guinea Netherlands, located Baliem valley (formerly called Grote Vallei or valley Jaya). Baliem Valley stretching from the northwest to the southeast part popinsi Papua with an altitude of approximately 1650 meters above sea level. Baliem valley surrounded by peaks with an altitude of between 2500 to 4500 meters. Baliem discovered shortly before the outbreak of World War II and for the first time detected from the air by foreigners not resident in Papua. Until then Baliem regarded as the area was uninhabited. Occupants Baliem Dani is famous as a warlike tribe but not hunters like the tribes who lived in the east valley Baliem. The one major city in the valley is Wamena with a population of 12000 inhabitants. Wamena to import most of the goods needs of other regions in Indonesia. Wamena city name taken from the name of the river that flows through the valley. The total population residing in the valley was 100,000 while the number of inhabitants in the villages in the high mountains is 750,000.
1. Baliem found
Baliem
found incidentally on 23 June 1938 by an American researcher, Richard
Archbold, during a flight over the valley with water PBY Catalina
aircraft 2 named Guba II. Archbold, animal science expert and philanthropist, is the grandson of a wealthy oil industrialist John Dustin Archbold. Richard was educated at private schools and attend college at Columbia University but never an end to his studies. In the three-decades he led three expeditions to finance and life sciences to the New-Guinea. Expeditions
third and most ambitious antaraBaliemvallei vanuit de Lucht implemented
in April 1938 and in Mai 1939 and directed to research on the north
side of the Nassau Mountains (now Jayawijaya Mountains) in the central
mountains. His
search area stretches from mountaintop Wilhelmina (now Puncak Trikora)
to Idenburg river (tributary Memberano now called Taritatu) where he
conducted research on the vegetation ranging from plants above
permukaanlaut up in these areas at an altitude of 4000 meters. During
his travels he used the hydroplane that landed on the surface of lakes
and rivers for the smooth provision of expedition needs in addition to
aerial photography. At one of the reconnaissance flights of the air he saw an area with farms and orchards are arranged neatly beside the villages. After
the discovery of the region institute Museum of Natural History of the
United States along with Archbold organize an expedition to the region
which is the fourth expedition. This
expedition has two starting points, one is a lake located adjacent to
the river Hablifuri in Meervlakte later named 'Lake Archbold "and the
second is the" Lake Habbema ", which is located at an altitude of 3225
meters above the water surface near the top of Wilhelmina west valley Baliem. For this expedition recruited 73 Dayaks of Borneo as a coolie worker forklift.
2. Dani: original inhabitants of the valley Baliem
Baliem is a native of the Dani tribe known as the tribe of warlike. At
the time of the Baliem valley discovered visible building high towers
and slender scattered everywhere they turn out are the observation posts
to warn villagers when parties musuheen welcomes special CEREMONIE in
Dani-dorp (other tribes) already approaching. The towers were gradually dismantled after the Dutch government imposed a ban on war (which ultimately have no effect). Dani
still fraternal relations with the tribes living in the mountainous
regions in the west valley named Dani Western or tribal Lani. As
there are three parts, namely the Yali tribe, who inhabit the area
inhabited thin on the slopes of high mountains Jayawijaya southeast. Dani loves to dress up in spite of being at war. There
are many photographs or images of Dani tribe members dressed with small
pieces of pork bones attached to the nose as a decoration while wearing
a hat berhiasan reeds birds of paradise. Dani men usually wear penis gourds are long and thin. Women
Dani followed the typical woman's clothing Yali tribe, namely short
skirts made from fibers of the leaves with a bag carrying basket called
'nokeng' on his back. Although it was only discovered in 1938, Dani ended up being the most famous tribe in New Guinea. Because
their territory is one of the most fertile regions in Papua Dani tribe
are often forced to protect and defend daerahya from outside attacks. Dani often conflicting and warring among their own group.
3. The agricultural area since centuries
Baliem valley is the most fertile areas in the high mountain regions of the island of New-Guinea west. Baliem valley surrounded by peaks of high mountains some of which reach a height of 4500 meters. Dani in tuin zijn aan het werkLebih than one species of fish live in the Baliem river flowing through the valley. Valley area not exceeding 70 x 20 kilometers. The fields in the valley for a long time once used for agriculture. By tradition the men work or cultivate land, while women planted and picked harvest. The first harvest is always dedicated to the ancestors. Through research proven agricultural activities have been running for centuries. Of research in the field of archeology is done in the eastern region of mountains proved to agriculture has taken place in this region since 9000 years ago. It is estimated that the island of New Guinea is one of the pioneers of the area of agriculture.
The main result is a potato farm. As for other results such as cucumbers, beans, squash, sugar cane, beans and taro (taro). In the decade of the 90s the Indonesian government conducted an experiment to plant rice and vegetables around Wamena area in an attempt to persuade Dani in order to make both of these products as the main staple food. The effort was successful because rice has now replaced the potato as the primary food while potatoes became food for pigs. Today, only a few types of potatoes are still remembered Dani, while the ancestors can recognize more than 60 types.
Dani raise pigs for meat. After the government's efforts so Dani abandon the habit of eating pork (as haram) and replace it with mutton or lamb fail, the government seeks to improve the quality of pork in a way mengawinsilangkan pigs Dani with pigs from Bali (Raising pigs permitted by the Hindu religion ). Therefore among pigs from Bali there that carry disease virus 'encefalitis' of Dani infected pigs. As a result many of the Dani tribe died after eating infected pork. This could occur because people are not used to cook meat Dani but baking with hot stones so that there are parts of the raw meat remained untouched due to the heat.
4. First Contact with Dani
Contact
between whites with Dani actually happened a long time but sporadically
in the previous century, the time course of the Second Expedition to
the summit of Wilhelmina in New Guinea Island South (1909-1910) and the
expedition to New Guinea Central section (1921-1922) under Overste leader J. Kremer. Therefore, both these expeditions sail to the Baliem valley the region remained isolated until 1938.in Wamena op straatOne of the participants of the expedition Kremer is a Swiss citizen named Paul Wirz, expert knowledge of cultural anthropology. He was the first expert in the field who come to the island of New Guinea. Wirz want menelitii Papuan culture in the valley Toli (named valley -Swart by the expedition). Wirz writing about the life of Papuans in the high mountain valleys is the first study of the culture of the mountain region. On
December 4, 1921 after traveling a very heavy along the 90 kilometers
through the high mountains, peaks Wilhelmina finally conquered by
Overste Kremer, Dr. Hubrecht, Captain van Arkel, Lt. Drost, a scout from Ambon named Mairuku, 22 porters and 4 labor force. The
question of why the colonial government after the achievement of the
expedition did not conduct further exploration in the central
mountainous region were never answered clearly. Toli valley and the northern part of the Baliem Valley are two densely populated areas, it is different with western Papua. The plan to establish a post of government in this area although never considered never implemented. The
discovery of lake Paniai fifteen years later encouraged again to resume
exploration activities .. During World War II, the study of the valley
and its inhabitants can not continue because the Japanese occupation.
5. The fall of the aircraft during World War II
In World War II, the allied forces explore possibilities to build airstrips in the valley but the plan was never implemented. On
May 13, 1945 of an aircraft belonging to the US Air Force Hastings
Magaret overleefde vilegramp airs from bases in Hollandia to flight
mission (known as the 'Flight Shangrila) above the valley falling to
pieces after crashing into a mountainside. 21
passengers all the American soldiers killed in the crash but three
passengers that corporal Margaret 'Suzy' Hastings from the Women's Army
Corps (WAC) and two colleagues survived. After
surviving for 47 days in the jungle, they were discovered by nine
paratroopers from the Philippines who are looking for a place suitable
to be used as landing pads for airplanes glider. The rescue operation this remarkable occurred on July 2, 1945, and
covered in American magazines like Life and Reader's Digest, complete
with photographs.Dani
society that has not been met with outsiders, certainly stunned
wide-open look at military personnel with their glider plane .. corporal
Hastings eventually become the most frequently photographed women in
the United States. At the end of 1958 the bodies of the 21 new American troops could be buried. Finding
mission of their bodies in the middle of the high mountain regions
initiated by the Office of Management corpse and burial under the
leadership of two employees of the Dutch government, which Rolph
Gonsalves and Piet Bongers
6. Whites Putting Yourself in the valley
After the end of World War II, the white man began to put themselves in the Baliem valley. The first group to arrive in the valley is a group of American missionaries under the leadership of Lloyd Van Stone of Christian & Missionary Association (CAMA). They landed with a seaplane over the river Baliemlanding van MAF-toestel April 20, 1954, and saw for the first time residents of the valley Baliem culture in reality. Approximately at the same time pastor Kilangin Kamerrer and Moses departed from Swart to the Baliem valley. Kilangin is a Aumungme known for his work on the Mission in the Amungme. The evangelist CAMA also founded a missionary post in the hamlet Hetegima where they built a landing within seven months. In January 1958, a priest of the Franciscan order named Arie Bokdijk, traveled orientation to the Baliem valley. In February he returned to the bishop Rudolf Staverman Baliem together to establish the first mission post. In 1956 FRTS Veldkamp, a 24-year-old boy, arrived and set themselves in Baliem as the representative of the colonial government. He set up a government post named Wamena over vacant land in the middle of a residential area tribes. , Pos Wamena gradually developed into the center of the valley. Veldkamp one of the main tasks is to build a large airport from which the aircraft can be landed marines berpenumpang Dakota. Governor Jan Van Baal worry Veldkamp alone can not end the war between the Dani tribe who still live in the Stone Age. In 1958 Rolph 26-year-old Gonzalez was appointed to replace Veldkamp as head of the local government in the area of the valley. He was assigned to continue the construction of the airport so that the valley can be opened to the outside world. Gonzales became famous because of the behavior he asserted that he was given the nickname 'Godselve' (God himself), and 'Gunsalvo' a (gunfire). From the center of Wamena then woken asphalt road network. Wamena Indonesia eventually became the center of local government. Wamena air service now has developed into the airport that could handle large cargoes are unloaded Hercules aircraft from the United States. Although the construction in the town of Wamena is running very fast, Baliem valley remains dominated typical houses Dani with roofs covered round hay.
7. The expulsion of the missionaries from the Valley
Nieuw-Guinea until the transfer of the Dutch to the Indonesian government in 1969 the Catholic missionary and the evangelist is the only foreigners who live in the Baliem valley. The missionaries of the Franciscan order onderling Overleg onder Daniberangsur replaced with the Franciscan pastor Indonesian citizens who come from other parts of the archipelago. Until 1978 there were only Indonesian sisters who are still actively working. To avoid expulsion from Indonesia some Franciscan missionaries Dutch citizen divert his nationality to citizens of Indonesia. To fill the void, then lay workers from the Netherlands then played a role in the Baliem. For example, a man named Frans Stopel become a primary school teacher until the end of the 70s. After the integration of Papua with Indonesia, many people from Java, Sulawesi and some areas around Papua move to Papua to work as teachers, civil servants or military. In 1989 in order to implement the program Indonesianization Indonesian government imposed a rule that all members of the mission who is a foreign national is required to leave the Baliem valley. Because all missionaries foreign nationals to leave Indonesia Mission Aviation Fellowship (MAF) managed by them are no longer in operation to remote villages, including programs of education and socio-cultural they were walking in the area Dani According to the observer of local events malnutrition which occurred in the mid-90s will not swallow the soul so much when the missionaries and the workers were still in Papua MAF to help the population. One of the effects of the existence of Islamic governments in Baliem is banning the sale of liquor. In 2000 the results of the population census in the Baliem valley showed that 54% of the population in the valley Baliem Protestant, 24% Roman Catholic and 21% Muslim.
8. "Operation Koteka"
Under the Indonesian government in the relationship between local authorities and residents of Dani in the valley became tense. Dani by local authorities have always regarded as a backward nation. In the early decades of the 70's, the Indonesian government made efforts to persuade Dani left pakaianDani rust uit het gras in traditional, such as penis gourds and straw skirts, and try to stay at home quadrangular. On May 19, 1972, the wife of President Suharto, Ibu Tien, an official visit to Wamena in the framework of "Operation Koteka". Most military ruler as the executor of the policy is considered Dani as savage or wild (sometimes no more than an animal, a mature attitude is still very attached to most Indonesian people) that need to be dealt with harshly. Among the Dani people who dared to resist and some even killed. In 1977 Dani rebellion under the leadership of the Free Papua Movement (OPM). At that time Dani with a bow as a weapon to fight against the Indonesian army, including rocket-armed, jetfighter and helicopters so many villages Dani finally razed to the ground. Wars were largely centered around the Pyramid and Bokondini residential areas in the valley and in the northern bagtian 3,000 casualties of the Dani tribe. "Operation Koteka" ended up as a total failure. During the period 1975-1977, 1984-1985, 1996, 2000, 2003 and in December 2004 the conflicts recur as a result of the actions of the struggle for independence. In 1975 and 1984 the population Beliem flocking fled to Papua New-Guinea.
In 1977 the Indonesian government managed to free themselves from the danger of splitting Dani resulting in a war between tribes. Because security is lacking ensure the Baliem region declared a closed area until 2005.
9. Tourism in the Valley
Home Dani round or ovoid and villages surrounded by fences toeriste bij Danikayu as protection against attack from outside. Dani is the farmers who have a garden with clear boundaries. This is detected on the aircraft by Richard Archbold in 1938. One of the reasons that makes people famous Dani because the region is easily reached by plane. Wamena is forging departure for every travel and almost every tourist had visited a village Dani. In most of the villages visited by tourists, traditional customs or ceremonies demonstrated to guests. At Beliem Valley Festival performances pseudo war is always a part of the event. Other things that make people famous Dani are mummies "smoke" older than sebad in villages al Akima. Other objects are considered interesting is the suspension bridge in Sinatma, sources of salt in Jiwika, following Kontilola cave karst pits and views of the mountains in Lake Habbema. Beliem valley for the first time visited by groups of tourists in 1984. The number of tourists has been stuck in the thousands every year mostly from Germany and the USA in addition to small groups from Europe, Australia and local. In 1995 the number of tourists to Beliem broke the record for 6019. As a result of several events such as the financial crisis, violence and kidnapping al against two Dutch citizens (Mark van der Wal and Martha Klein who is pregnant and was released after being held hostage for four months), the number of tourists dropped dramatically as well as the area declared closed.
10. Linkages:
- Ballard, Chris. Dani 1993. Bibliography. Centre for Pacific and Asian Studies, Hong Kong. Ocean Newsletter 11/12, Februar-August 1993.
Ballard, Chris. 1993
- Bubriski, Kevin 2006, Michael Rockefeller: In the Highlands of West Papua, Photography of Kevin Bubriski original negative by Michael Rockefeller (1961). Online Exhibitions Luminous-Lint
- Official report dated January 18 about the measures taken Kontroleur RA Gonsalves in the implementation of security in the Baliem valley.
- TV Netwerk 2006. Events Dutch citizens hostage for four months in Papua (1996). With the cooperation of Viktor Kaisiepo. Broadcasting on 22 May 2006.
- Page on Wikipedia about Baliem Valley. The first issue, dated May 11, 2005
See also:
- How to fight in the valley Baliem
- Indonesisich Hof (?): Koteka not porn
- Swine and Party Nieuw Guinea Pigs
- Amungme: Residents Mountains Without Mt.
- Pengayauman in southern coastal areas
11. Source
-Archbold, R., Rand, A.L. ; & Brass, L.J. 1942. "Summary page by New Guinea Expedition 1938-1939"Archbold expedition results. No. 41 New York. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History- Broekhuijse, Jan. Th. 1967 Wiligiam-Dani:-cultural anthropological studies of religion and how to fight in the Baliem Valley. Tilburg: H. Gianotten NV.- Bijlmer, H.J.T., 1922. 'A visit to a tribe is not known in the high mountains with Expedition
New Guinea, Central A ° 1920, the magazine of the Royal Netherlands
Aardrijkskundig Genootschap 39. Utrecht: Knag.- Codrington, Stephen., 2005. The Dani of Irian Jaya: A study of cultural integration. Chapter 26. Chicago: planetgeography, com.- Gardner, RG, 1972, 'On the making of Dead Birds.' in K.G. Heider (ed.) The Dani of West Irian: an ethnographic companion to the movie Dead Birds. New York: Warner Modular Publications Inc.- - Gardner, Robert. 1968 Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. New York: Random House. New York: Random House.- Harrer, H., 1978, Von den Danis, in H. Harrer (ed ,.), Unter Papuas. mensch und Kultur seit ihrer Steinzeit. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch.- Meiselas, Susan. 2003. Encounters with the Dani. Göttingen: Steidl Publishing.- Ploeg, Anton, 1995. 'First Contact, in the Highlands of Papua', Journal of Pacific History 30. London: Routledge.-
Ploeg, Anton, 1966. 'Some comparative remarks about the Dani of the
Baliem valley and the Dani at Bokondini', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-
en Volkenkunde 122, no. 2, Leiden: KITLV.- Wirz, P., 1924. Anthropologische ethnologische und Ergebnisse der Central Neu-Guinea Expedition 1921-1922 (Nova Guinea 16). Leiden: E.J. Brill